With a variety of allotropes, carbon is so far the only human species can be found in the material dimensions to three are stable from zero. Among them, important allotropes include zero-dimensional fullerenes, carbon nanotubes one-dimensional, two graphene, and other three-dimensional graphite and diamond. They have almost all the substance has properties on the planet:
A graphene (2010 Nobel Prize in Physics) graphene (Graphene) is a carbon atom to sp2 hybrid orbitals form hexagonal honeycomb lattice plane film, only one carbon atom thick two-dimensional material. But it is the world's thinnest and most hard nanomaterials, is almost completely transparent, absorbed only 2.3% of the light, the thermal conductivity of up to 5300 W / m · K, higher than the carbon nanotubes and diamond at room temperature its electron mobility Chaoguo 15000 cm2 / V · s, silicon crystals or off than carbon nanotubes (monocrystalline silicon) high, and the resistivity is only about 10-6 Ω · cm, less than that of copper or silver, suitable for the manufacture of transparent touch screen, light board, and even solar cells.
In 2010, the University of Manchester scientist Jim Andre (Andre Geim) and Kostya Novo elimination Love (Konstantin Novoselov) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of them in the two-dimensional material graphene pioneering experiment.
Presentation speech excerpt:
Our understanding of graphene has been a long time, as early as 1947 • Philip Wallace will calculate the motion of electrons in graphene case, however few scientists think we can isolate graphene and measure them electron motion condition. Therefore, this year's physics prize all the more surprising, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov means of a special method successfully isolated graphene thin, and found some with the help of different under the microscope sheet is a single-atom-thick. They "groundbreaking experiment" in terms of making graphene graphene production of new substances and new electronic products possible.
Andre GeimPrize share: 1 / 2Konstantin NovoselovPrize share: 1/2
Graphene development history:
Graphene appear in the laboratory in 2004, when two British scientists at the University of Manchester and Kostya Andre Jim Novo eliminate Love discovered they can use a very simple way to get more increasingly thin graphite flakes. They peeled off from the graphite graphite sheet, and then both sides of a sheet stuck on a special tape, tear tape, graphite sheet can be divided into two. We continue to do this, so the sheet thinner, and finally, they got only a sheet by a layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene. After this, a new method for the preparation of graphene after another, after five years of development, it was found that the graphene into industrial production areas have been close. Thus, the two won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010.
Graphene properties and potential applications:
Graphene as a novel two-dimensional material, is found in the thinnest, toughest, strongest thermal conductivity properties of a new type of nano-materials. Since its discovery in 2004, because it has many special properties to receive widespread attention, known as "black gold", "King of the new material."
Because of its unique nanostructure and excellent physical and chemical properties in many fields of electronics, optical, magnetic, biological medicine, catalysis, energy storage, and sensors show great potential applications, it has aroused great scientific community and industry attention. Countries around the world graphene and its application technology as a long-term strategic direction, in order to take the initiative and the initiative by the graphene triggered a new round of industrial revolution.
2. fullerenes (1996 Nobel Prize in Physics)
Fullerene (Fullerene) is a completely hollow molecules composed of carbon, the shape of spherical, ellipsoid, cylindrical or tubular. Like soccer ball fullerenes also called football ene; tubular called carbon nanotubes or bucky tubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, graphite graphene layer is made of six-membered rings composed of piled up, and not only the fullerene-containing six-membered rings as well as five-membered ring, occasionally seven-membered ring.
Fullerene (Fullerene) is a completely hollow molecules composed of carbon, the shape of spherical, ellipsoid, cylindrical or tubular. Like soccer ball fullerenes also called football ene; tubular called carbon nanotubes or bucky tubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, graphite graphene layer is made of six-membered rings composed of piled up, and not only the fullerene-containing six-membered rings as well as five-membered ring, occasionally seven-membered ring.
In 1996, Robert Cole (Robert F. Curl Jr), Harold Walter Kroto (Sir Harold W. Kroto) and Richard Smalley (Richard E. Smalley) was awarded Connaught Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of fullerenes (C60).
Presentation speech excerpt: carbon in various ways is well known, prehistoric fossil fuel formed, constitute the basic elements of the organism. However, scientists believe that carbon had no more symmetrical than the known chemical structure structure exists. Carbon atoms connected into a ball, alternating single and double bonds of fullerene is undoubtedly beautiful and exciting at the same time, it is also found in organic chemistry for the development of a natural example, highly symmetric molecular structure can produce new materials, new catalysts and photoelectric sensors provide great inspiration.
Fullerene development history:
In 1985 chemist Dr. Harold Walter Kroto British and American scientist Richard Smalley at Rice University prepared the first fullerene, namely fullerene molecule, because this molecule and architect Buckminster Fuller's architectural works is very similar, in order to express his respect, will be named Buckminster fullerenes. Sumio Iijima long before 1980 in a transmission electron microscope to observe this onion-like structure. Fullerene molecule also exist in nature, and in 2010 scientists discovered by the Spitzer Space Telescope in outer space there are fullerenes. "Maybe outer space to Earth fullerene provides the seed of life." Before the discovery of fullerenes, only graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon allotrope of carbon (such as carbon black and charcoal), its discovery has greatly expanded the number allotrope of carbon, opening up to and a wide range of carbon nanomaterials, a new era of in-depth research on the development of nano-materials science and technology has played a great role in promoting.
Fullerene properties and potential applications:
Because of its unique structure, while having a fullerene compound and electron-deficient aromatic olefins nature, showing a lot of excellent physical and chemical properties, thus triggering a round of carbon nanomaterials research boom. Preparation and properties of fullerenes and their derivatives has now become an independent branch of chemistry and huge.